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In my Atlanta, Georgia Probate Law firm, I have helped countless clients involved in estate issues and Georgia probate litigation. While there is no substitute for qualified legal counsel, there are excellent resources online to help individuals understand the complex legal landscape of probate proceedings and estate administration. I often recommend that my clients use these resources to get an initial understanding of this area of law and the unique requirements of the Georgia probate process.

Georgia has a useful website (www.gaprobate.org) that focuses on areas handled by Georgia’s Probate Courts, such as estate planning and marriage licensees. At this website you will find a broad array of information and tools, such as standardized downloadable forms and a resource to locate the Probate Court in your area. The Administrative Office of the Courts of Georgia also has a website (www.georgiacourts.org) that provides standardized forms, information and links to state and national legal agencies and organizations. A third website run by the IRS (www.irs.gov) also provides valuable information and I recommend that my clients use it when doing research on probate and taxes.

These three sites should always be used to download any Georgia probate forms. Other websites may have free downloadable e-forms, but these official websites will have the most up-to-date forms and instructions. Keep in mind that the staff and clerks at the offices of these websites are very knowledgeable, but they cannot dispense legal advice. It is critical to secure legal counsel from an experienced Estate Administration and Probate Attorney for all probate matters. The complexity of the Georgia probate process can derail the administration of estate assets and cost beneficiaries and heirs valuable resources.

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In my Firm’s Atlanta, Marietta, Buckhead, and Sandy Springs Probate Law Firm, I have found Georgia estate litigation is on the rise. For the most part, the Atlanta, Georgia Probate Litigation lawyers at my Fiduciary Law Firm attribute this to an increase in breach of fiduciary duties among executors, administrators, and powers of attorney. The most common type of disputes we see involves breach of fiduciary duty by the executor or administrator of an estate (also called the personal representative). These personal representatives are assigned the task of managing the distribution of estate assets and are responsible for the fair and honest treatment of beneficiaries and/or heirs during this process. During the course of probate, personal representatives have specific duties under Georgia Fiduciary Law, including the task of handling all estate assets such as real estate, collectibles, cash, bank accounts, retirement accounts, investments, and insurance policies. It is the fiduciaries responsibility of the personal representative to manage this process honestly, efficiently and in the best interests of all beneficiaries and/or heirs.

When a Georgia personal representative is assigned by the decedent in a will, or by the court in the absence of a will, or when the individual named in the will is unable to serve, the expectation is that the personal representative will conduct the required tasks without self-dealing or favoritism towards any party.

Breach of the fiduciary duties required by state law can include the following:

• Theft – directly stealing assets from the estate

• Conversion – indirectly stealing from the estate, for example by liquidating assets for less than their true value and keeping the difference
• Fraud – undermining the will by taking bribes or through dishonesty
• Acting out of Incompetence or Negligence – failure to complete duties correctly and within an acceptable period of time
• Overcharging for Services – charging exorbitant fees for the administration of the estate
• Conflict of Interest – a personal interest in the estate or in the outcome of the probate process

When breach of fiduciary duties and/or responsibilities are suspected, beneficiaries are entitled to swift legal action that will protect their interests. The Atlanta estate litigation lawyers at The Libby Law Firm are versed in all aspects of probate litigation, including the initial phases, which often include mediation. Besides representing heirs and beneficiaries, we are also exceedingly experienced in preparing strategies for wrongfully accused fiduciaries to show that the estate is being managed properly and in a timely fashion under the circumstances, with no occurrences personal benefit or self-dealing.
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As Primary Georgia Trust Litigation Lawyer in an Atlanta Trust Litigation Law Firm, beneficiaries named in a Georgia trust are entitled to understand the terms of the trust and what the trust will provide to them, both present and future. This can be critical to the lives of surviving minor children, spouses with no other source of income, or incapacitated individuals who must now rely on the trust to take care of their medical and living expenses. Trustees are in charge of managing and protecting trust assets in a transparent manner that upholds the trustee’s fiduciary responsibility to the beneficiaries.

One of the important fiduciary duties of Georgia trustees is to ensure that assets and property held by the trust are properly accounted for and reported to the beneficiaries. This is the foundation for trust in the trustee/beneficiary relationship. Some trust documents outline the procedures that beneficiaries must follow to request accounting information. In cases where the trust does not provide the procedure, Georgia law regulates when and how to request an accounting of trust assets. An experienced Georgia Trust litigation attorney can help beneficiaries better understand the accounting information they are entitled to and how to obtain it from the trustee.

Part of the duties of a trustee is to follow generally accepted accounting procedures (GAAP) for the recording of operating transactions. While it may be best to use an accountant to handle the accounting requirements, trustees can do this themselves. The trust’s assets and liabilities must be recorded. Assets can include real estate, stocks, bonds or any other property or asset that the trust owns. Liabilities are classified as debt and should be recorded at current values. Liabilities can include taxes owed, accounts payable or deferred tax liability. Expenses should also be recorded in a timely manner. Trust expenses can consist of the trustee’s salary, investment fees, office supplies, rent, and any applicable utilities. Moreover, an experience experienced Atlanta Trust Lawyer can help you determine if your Trustee is investing according to the Prudent Investor Rule and not putting your trust assets at risk.

Finally, the trust’s revenue must be tracked. Revenue can be generated when bank accounts held by the trust accrue interest income, stock and mutual fund portfolios earn gains, and property is sold. In the end, the timely and accurate recording of assets, liabilities, expenses, and revenue will allow the trustee to easily create documentation that shows beneficiaries the total value of the trust. Failure to provide this information to beneficiaries is a breach of fiduciary duty and can result in the removal of the trustee.
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When a person dies owning property in a state other than the state where their assets are subject to probate, the out of state property is subject to a form of probate referred to as Ancillary Probate. The ancillary probate proceeding is additional probate process performed in connection with the regular probate proceeding. The difference is that the out of state assets are governed by ancillary probate proceedings and the probate laws of the state where the assets are located. Ancillary probate is usually required when a will exists, as well as when a person dies intestate, or without a valid will. In my many years as an Atlanta, Georgia Ancillary Probate Attorney, I have overseen numerous cases involving Georgia ancillary probate issues and proceedings.

As a Georgia ancillary probate lawyer, I have found that real estate is the most common type of estate asset that requires ancillary probate. Examples where Georgia ancillary probate issues occur, are when the deceased lived in another state, but died owning vacation property in Georgia. Also common, is a scenario where a decedent moved to another state toward the end of their life, but died owning a house or other property in Georgia.

Tangible personal assets can also be subject to and require ancillary probate proceedings. Examples of these assets are mineral rights, oil or gas rights, livestock, vehicles registered out of state, and other assets located and/or registered outside the home state, such as boats or aircraft.

When ancillary probate is required, it naturally delays the settling of the estate. Expenses to settle the estate also increase, since it is necessary to hire a “local counsel” in Georgia to handle the ancillary probate proceedings in Georgia.

Ancillary Probate proceedings are complicated by the fact that probate laws vary by state. Just like probate laws, intestacy laws also differ by state. As a result, when a will does not exist, or if it is found to be invalid, the heirs may be surprised to find out how property is distributed under another state’s probate laws. This situation can cause discord (and surprises) among family members and other interested parties.

Because state probate and intestacy laws vary widely, it is necessary to consult with an experienced Georgia ancillary probate lawyer. Likewise, if there is a Georgia dispute or litigation involving ancillary probate, it is essential to seek the assistance of a Georgia ancillary probate attorney experienced in probate dispute resolution and estate litigation of ancillary probate assets.
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In my Atlanta, Georgia Probate Law firm, I see many instances where beneficiaries and heirs have waived their rights granted by Georgia law during probate proceedings. One of the areas that this occurs in is in relation to the inventory and accounting of estate assets. Executors and administrators are required to provide a complete inventory and accounting of the estate’s assets and liabilities within approximately six months from their appointment. Georgia probate law does not specifically require that six months is a strictly set period for an executor or administrator to complete this task. Thus, depending on the complexity and circumstances surrounding the estate, the court may allow more time for the task to be completed.

To compound the frustration of not knowing the exact timing to completion of this important step in the Georgia probate proceedings, beneficiaries and heirs of a Georgia estate oftentimes unknowingly waive their rights to have an inventory and accounting prepared. Administrators and executors are commonly trusted family members or associates of the deceased, and are not questioned fully when producing documentation requiring signature by the heirs and beneficiaries. In fact, most times these documents include releases and waivers that give the Georgia estate’s executor or administrator significant leeway and discretion in performing their duties.

As a Georgia estate heir or beneficiary, whenever presented with legal documentation to sign during probate proceedings, it is important to retain an experienced Georgia probate lawyer to review the documentation and guide you in making the proper choices you are comfortable with. Express caution should be taken if you are asked to sign legal documents in front of a witness or Georgia Notary Public. Being pressured, even in a good-natured way, to sign documentation without having your lawyer review it first, should always be considered a red flag that indicates a potential issue. Under Georgia probate law, you are expected to have read and understood the documentation before signing and have the right to review the impact of signing the documents with a Georgia probate lawyer first. Should you not understand the documents your are presented with to sign, Georgia probate law states that it is incumbent upon you as an heir or beneficiary to an estate in Georgia, to seek out the meaning and ramifications of signing these documents. Some consider this a rather harsh stance, however, when the ball is in your court, you must take full advantage of this opportunity.

IN SHORT, YOU SHOULD PREPARE FOR THE WORST, AND HOPE FOR THE BEST!

In my many years as an Atlanta, Georgia probate attorney, I can emphatically state that I have never come across a Georgia beneficiary or heir who was disappointed because they were extremely cautious and/or overly prepared for any Georgia estate proceeding.

The fact is, you have certain rights as a beneficiary or heir involved in a Georgia probate proceeding. Always consult with a skilled Atlanta probate attorney before you sign any documentation wherein you might waive your rights under Georgia probate law. I would also be extremely hesitant to feel comfortable and trusting of the advice the executor or administrator’s attorney gives you. Remember, everyone involved in the estate proceeding has their own agenda. Likewise, you should have your own lawyer to assist you.
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As an Atlanta, Georgia Estate Attorney, I am always interested in helping my clients develop an optimal estate plan that will effectively manage their assets. Many of my clients come to my office already convinced that they need a Georgia living trust versus a will. People perceive the Georgia probate process to be lengthy and costly process, in both time and money. This perception is oftentimes based on the probate process in general. It is true that many states have a probate process that is exceedingly expensive and complicated ( Florida would be one state I would put in this category). However, the probate process in the State of Georgia would not fall into the category of expensive and complicated when you are being represented by an experienced Atlanta, Georgia probate lawyer.

The attraction of a Georgia living trust is that the assets named in the trust are not considered part of the decedent’s estate and therefore do not go through probate. To the contrary, assets that are subject to a testamentary devise, bequeath, or bequest under the decedent’s will, would be part of the decedent’s estate and would go through probate. But as I advise my clients, probate can be an efficient and useful process. Wills should be structured properly with the aim of mitigating conflict between the parties involved. Conflict and the resulting mediation or litigation is what inevitably causes the Georgia probate process to potentially become expense and time consuming. Nevertheless, oftentimes a form of dispute resolution or estate litigation in probate court is necessary. Sometimes a will is the right option when a living trust is too expensive for the benefit it provides or if conflict is inevitable between heirs. What is more, one of the greatest benefits of the probate process, is the Georgia probate court’s supervision over all parties involved in the decedent’s estate administration. In fact, the estate lawyers in our Atlanta, Georgia probate Law Firm, which specialize in Georgia estate administration and litigation, have found probate court oversight extremely beneficial when there are contentious heirs and/or aggressive creditors.

Different from a written document like a will, a living trust is a legal framework into which assets are transferred. Assets in a living trust can include cash, bank accounts, investment accounts, stock, land, homes, vehicles, collectibles and any other personal property. The terms of the living trust spell out to whom the assets will be distributed upon death and because the assets are no longer in your name, but in the name of the trust, they will not have to go through probate to be distributed. Besides posthumous probate avoidance, another important advantage of a living trust comes into play if the individual becomes unable to manage independently due to sickness or disability. In this case, a previously named successor trustee can take over and handle certain matters pertaining to the living trust.

The naming of trustees is obviously critical when setting up a living trust. Many people name themselves as the sole trustee and also name a series of successor trustees (in case one or more named trustees are not able to serve when needed). Either a person or an institution can be named as successor trustee. Spouses setting up a living trust frequently name themselves as co-trustees, although any two adults can be co-trustees. One of the benefits of naming co-trustees is that upon the death, resignation, or incapacity of one of the co-trustees, the surviving co-trustee can continue to administer the trust. Ultimately, the law gives trustees the right to complete control over assets in a living trust. For this reason it is critical that only the most trustworthy people are named as trustees. It is important to remember, all Georgia trustees must adhere to rigorous fiduciary duties imposed under Georgia law, whether they are an individual or entity. This is the same Georgia fiduciary duty imposed upon executors, administrators, and personal representatives.
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In my Atlanta, Georgia Probate Law Firm, I have represented clients in many Georgia estate disputes that were the result of poor management of estate assets during the probate proceeding. Probate can be a complex process and Georgia law provides guidelines for probate proceedings and outlines specific duties for the personal representatives (also referred to as executors and administrators) that are appointed to manage the estate during probate. These tasks must be carried out according to Georgia’s law on fiduciary duty which is imposed and closely regulated by Georgia state law. Typical fiduciary duties of Georgia executors and administrators include, but are not limited to, identifying, locating and collecting estate assets, making outstanding payments on behalf of the estate and distributing assets to beneficiaries. Failure to carry out such fiduciary duties is referred to as a breach of fiduciary duty. There are a number of remedies which the court can impose for a breach of fiduciary duty.

One of the requirements of Georgia probate law is that the fiduciary duties carried out by administrators and executors are completed with the best interests of the heirs and beneficiaries at heart. In fact, the word fiduciary is defined as “involving trust” and it is this trust that is often the missing ingredient in the probate process. As a highly experienced team of Atlanta, Georgia Probate Litigation attorneys, we have often witnessed the emotional and financial carnage created by self-dealing and untrustworthy executors and administrators. Unfortunately, in today’s economic climate we are seeing the abuse and breach of Georgia fiduciary duties occur more frequently.

Yet not all Georgia estate disputes are the result of intentional acts of deception or wrongdoing. Due to the complexity of Georgia probate law, many competent and well-meaning executors and administrators get lost in the process, missing filing dates and misunderstanding requirements. For this reason it is wise to retain the services of a qualified Georgia probate attorney. A Georgia probate attorney will help executors and administrators fulfill their duties fairly and completely, as well as assist heirs and beneficiaries who want to ensure that their interests are represented.
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The administration of an estate in Georgia probate court can seem straightforward, but as a Georgia Estate Lawyer practicing Georgia probate law, I have met many executors and administrators that found the process to be more complicated than they initially thought. The common realization is that by retaining a lawyer at the outset of the proceedings, many common issues can be avoided and the probate proceedings will move forward more quickly with less cost. In addition, Georgia law closely regulates the fiduciary responsibilities of Georgia executors and administrators and so the consequences of making errors during the process are serious and can result in personal liability for the executor or administrator.

It is very common that most executors and administrators do not have a good understanding of what their fiduciary duties are until after the process starts and issues start to surface. One common issue is family infighting. Even in the most unified families, heirs and beneficiaries will try to steer the process in their favor. And although the executor/administrator may be a highly respected family member, this behavior can result in conflict that will drastically slow down the proceedings, as disputes are resolved. Not having a clear grasp of Georgia probate law, and the required timing of the proceedings, puts the executor/administrator at a disadvantage and hiring a probate attorney can restore the balance.

One fact that many executors and administrators are happy to discover is that the expense of hiring a probate lawyer is payable from the estate’s assets. Even related legal fees incurred before the executor or administrator took control of the assets are reimbursable. Another positive aspect to working with an experienced estate and probate attorney is that the attorney is an unbiased party who will professionally manage the process and handle all parties with fair treatment. Fair treatment is an especially important concept, as many executors and administrators are accused of unethical and self-serving behavior that can result in legal action against them, and ultimately lead to their removal.
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Georgia last will and testament statues clearly outline the requirements for the creation and execution of a valid will. When these strict requirements are not met, the will is considered invalid and the testator’s estate becomes subject to the Georgia laws of intestacy, just as if no will had been created or executed. In our Atlanta probate law firm, our lawyers often represent clients with probate issues that could have been avoided if proper will drafting and will execution practice had been strictly followed. The consequences of failing to properly execute a will can be devastating for those surviving the testator. This situation can also constitute malpractice for the drafting and executing attorneys or law firm. When a will is deemed invalid because of failure to execute the will with the proper formalities, Georgia intestacy laws dictate how the estate assets are distributed. These types of cookie-cutter arrangements bypass the true intent of the deceased and may lead to conflict among the surviving heirs.

The following are some of the steps to keep in mind when executing a will in Georgia. The person executing the will, the testator, must be at least 14 years old. The will must be in writing, although the law does not specify a particular format, except that it cannot be handwritten. The will needs to be signed by the testator, who must be sufficiently competent (of sound mind and memory) at the time the will is executed, know the nature and extent of their assets, and that they are executing a will voluntarily and of their free will. In Georgia, another person can assist the testator in signing the will. This is legally sufficient when it is done in the presence of the testator and at the express direction of the testator. A minimum of two witnesses must also sign the will in the presence of the testator. The witnesses must view the signing of the will by the testator as defined by the “line of sight” rule. This means the witnesses must have an open and unobstructed line of sight to the testator’s signing of the will.

Should a witness also be beneficiary under the will, he or she must forfeit their inheritance under the will for their act as a witness to be valid, and as a result, the will to be valid. Thus, witnesses whom are beneficiaries to a will should not be a witness to the will. As a last resort, however, the testator may have three or more witnesses to their will. Under Georgia Code Section 53-4-23, a witness who is also a beneficiary may receive testamentary gift from the estate only when a minimum of two other witnesses sign the will. In this case, the other two witnesses cannot be beneficiaries. A useful and increasing necessary document to attach to the will is a self-proving affidavit. While it is not a requirement, this document proves that the will was properly executed and is genuine. It should be signed by the testator, the witnesses and certified by a notary public. Without a self-proving affidavit, one of the witnesses must be located at the time of the testator’s death and sign a legal document called “Interrogatories to Witness to Will. In this legal document, the witness attests to the validity of the will he or she witnessed. Further, the witness may be required to appear in court and give testimony under oath. With the self-proving notarized affidavit, this is not necessary and the will is likely admitted to probate without any delay.
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As Atlanta, Georgia, business attorneys who also practice complex trust and estate planning and will, trust and estate litigation, we recognize there are numerous lawyers and companies who want to help you plan and protect your estate assets. These same lawyers and companies also want to help you set up your business succession planning and assist you with your estate planning. However, as business assets become increasingly intangible and more difficult to define, the estates of persons owning and having an interest in these businesses become more complex, difficult to plan, probate and administer. If these estates are not planned properly, it is quite possible these estates could end up in litigation.

As businesses, assets, and information have become increasingly digital, intangible, and available solely on-line, it is important to choose Atlanta business lawyers who understand your “intangible” business assets, how to protect them, and how to formulate effective trust and estate planning for these assets. Moreover, you not only need trust and estate attorneys, you need these same attorneys to be Georgia business attorneys well-versed in complex business matters as they relate to intellectual and technological property, copyright and trademark issues, and other potentially intangible property.

For example, any number of lawyers might be able to draft a basic will, and this may be fine for someone with fairly limited and straightforward “traditional” assets. If everyone knows you have accounts at a local bank and brokerage house and you keep your account documents on file and in physical form, it may be easy to ascertain what is in your estate.

On the other hand, consider the following:

• What if you have accounts at one of the “on-line only” banks?

• What if all your account statements are e-delivered?

• What if you have a second business selling goods on e-bay, or if you have a business or assets in a “virtual world,” such as Second Life?

• Who has your login information and passwords to these accounts?

• How will anyone determine what assets you have, or where? How will these assets be valued and by whom?

• Even if you do not have these things now, can you guarantee that you will not have them before your beneficiaries or heirs need to administer your estate?

Thus, it is increasingly important to consider not just your tangible assets, but also your digital, intellectual, technological, and other such assets, when planning your estate. This is why you must choose attorneys who understand the complexity of these assets and can advise you on how to protect yourself and your business as well as your beneficiaries and heirs.

The Libby Law Firm has been at the forefront of the union of technology as it relates to trusts, estates, business planning, and representation of individuals and businesses with non-traditional assets. Our Atlanta Attorneys also specialize in business, trust, and estate litigation as it relates to “intangible” and “non-traditional” assets.
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